to implement vaccine mandates during the pandemic. To evaluate the degree to which vaccine mandates impacted businesses and COVID-19 mitigation efforts, we analyzed data in Hawaii as it was the first state in the U.S. ![]() However, the impacts of other public health mandates, such as for COVID-19 vaccines, has yet to be reported. Reports from previous safety mandates have demonstrated the decreased spread of COVID-19, such as in states with face mask mandates that observed a 2.0% decrease in cases over 21 days after implementation from March to May 2020. This is sometimes referred to as a “vaccine or test passport.” Some business owners did not approve of the measure, fearing further losses like those seen at the beginning of the pandemic, when there was a 22% decline in the number of active small businesses in the U.S. As such, the trade-off in temporary losses at businesses was met with significant gains in public health and safety.įaced with the largest increase in cases since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 13 September 2021, the counties of Honolulu and Maui in the state of Hawaii mandated that customers and employees of establishments in the food and beverage, fitness, and entertainment industries provide proof of full vaccination or a recent negative COVID-19 test. In addition, towards the end of the studied period, the level of foot traffic at impacted businesses converged towards the level of that of non-impacted businesses. Notably, the vaccination rate increased by 1.41% in counties that implemented mandates. We observed that although businesses affected by mandates experienced a 6.7% decrease in foot traffic over the 14 weeks after the mandates were implemented, the number of COVID-19 cases decreased by 19.0%. Herein, we describe the effects of these mandates on changes in three areas using difference-in-difference regression models: (1) business foot traffic (2) number of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 individuals, and (3) COVID-19 vaccination rates across counties affected or unaffected by the mandates. ![]() However, the degree to which such mandates impacted COVID-19 mitigation efforts and economics remains poorly understood. Having been affected by the highest increase in COVID-19 cases since the start of the pandemic, Honolulu and Maui counties in Hawaii implemented vaccine passport mandates for select industries in September 2021.
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